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Instead, West Germany increased restrictions on family resettlement and tried to incentivise Turkish residents to return home. In 1979, the West German government ignored a slew of proposals made by its first commissioner for foreigners, Heinz Kühn, to integrate guest workers and their families.
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ģ Even as the government allowed Turks to remain and even facilitated family reunification, it did not institute long-term policies for their integration. This is best encapsulated in a statement made by Swiss writer Max Frisch: “We called for workers, but people came instead” (“ Man hat Arbeitskräfte gerufen, und es kommen Menschen ”) (Seiler, 1965). While roughly half of the Turkish guest workers returned home, the rest remained and brought over their families and culture. Later, in 1971, then-chancellor Willy Brandt questioned West Germany’s absorptive capacity for guest workers and imposed a ban on recruitment in 1973 against the backdrop of the OPEC oil crisis. Consequently, the West German government did not develop any specific policies for these temporary “guests” other than the setting up of information centres.
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At that time, neither guest workers nor Germans expected the Turks to remain long-term. Ģ Turkish guest workers first came to West Germany after a worker recruitment agreement was signed in 1961 to support the West Germany’s post-war economic boom. The largest immigrant group is of Turkish descent, followed by people from the Middle East, the former Soviet Union, Poland, and former Yugoslav states (BAMF, 2017 B.Z./DPA, 2018). when the resident or at least one of his or her parents is not a German citizen. 4.1 The Same but Different: Turkish Guest Workers and the 2015 “Refugee Crisis”ġ As of 30 June 2019, one third of Berlin’s 3.7 million residents had a migration background – i.e.